What do indicators indicate?

What do shifts in indicators of apoptosis indicate about the cancer process?

Overview Apoptosis is genetically programmed cell death (1). It is defined by specific morphological criteria whose hallmark is condensation and fragmentation of the cell nucleus with endonuclease cleavage of DNA, but it is mediated by more than 1 biochemical pathway. The 2 major pathways of apoptotic cell death are the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic pathway, which is depe...

Climate Change or Land Use Dynamics: Do We Know What Climate Change Indicators Indicate?

Different components of global change can have interacting effects on biodiversity and this may influence our ability to detect the specific consequences of climate change through biodiversity indicators. Here, we analyze whether climate change indicators can be affected by land use dynamics that are not directly determined by climate change. To this aim, we analyzed three community-level indic...

UV “Indices”—What Do They Indicate?

Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation covers the spectrum of wavelengths from 100 to 400 nm. The potency and biological activity for a variety of endpoints differ by wavelength. For monitoring and communication purposes, different UV action spectra have been developed. These spectra use different weighting functions. The action spectrum for erythemal dose is the most widely used one. This erythemal dose ...

What Do the Worldwide Governance Indicators Measure?

As policymakers and researchers focus more on the question of the impact of governance in economic development, they have required measures of the quality of governance to set policy or to conduct analyses. A number of measures of the quality of governance have been created. Among these are the Worldwide Governance Indicators, which rank countries on six aspects of ‘good governance’. Critics ha...

Clinical indicators: do we know what we're doing?